- Radiosurgery: Reports of treatment by Gamma Knife radiosurgery for cases requiring less urgent intervention have been published (26,27,86).
- Fetal embolization: An investigation of the safety and efficacy of transuterine ultrasound-guided fetal embolization of VOGM is ongoing (28,29). The researchers hypothesize that fetal intervention may prevent the onset of postnatal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, which may lead to reduced mortality and morbidity. This is a registered clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04434729) supervised by the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Boston Children’s Hospital institutional review boards with FDA oversight (30).
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