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HomeTumors of the Nervous System in ChildrenInfratentorial Tumors In Children HomepageBrainstem Gliomas in Children HomepageReferences for Brainstem Gliomas in Children

References for Brainstem Gliomas in Children

This page was last updated on August 19th, 2022

  1. Allen J: Brain stem glioma. Neurol Neurosurg Update Series 4: 2-7, 1983
  2. Frazier JL, Lee J, Thomale UW, et al: Treatment of diffuse intrinsic brainstem gliomas: failed approaches and future strategies. J Neurosurg Pediatr 3: 259-269, 2009
  3. Laigle-Donadey F, Doz FO, Delattre JY: Brainstem gliomas in children and adults. Curr Opin Oncol 20: 662-667, 2008
  4. Walker DA, Punt JA, Sokal M: Clinical management of brain stem glioma. Arch Dis Child 80: 558-564, 1999
  5. Epstein FJ, Wisoff JH: Intrinsic brainstem tumors in childhood: surgical indications. J Neurooncol 6: 309-317, 1988
  6. Albright L, Pollack I: Brainstem gliomas, in Winn HR (ed): Youmans Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003
  7. Epstein FJ: Prognosis in pediatric brain-stem gliomas. J Neurosurg 67: 323-324, 1987
  8. Jallo GI, Biser-Rohrbaugh A, Freed D: Brainstem gliomas. Childs Nerv Syst 20: 143-153, 2004
  9. Kaplan M, Albright AL, Zimmerman RA, et al: Brainstem gliomas in children. A Children’s Cancer Group review of 119 cases. Pediatr Neurosurg 24: 185-192, 1996
  10. Freeman R, Farmer JP: Pediatric brain stem gliomas: a review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40: 265-271, 1998
  11. Littman P, Jarrett P, Bilaniuk LT, et al: Pediatric brain stem gliomas. Cancer 45: 2787-2792, 1980
  12. Berger MS, Edwards MS, LaMasters D, et al: Pediatric brain stem tumors: radiographic, pathological, and clinical correlations. Neurosurgery 12: 298-302, 1983
  13. Raffel C, McComb JG, Bodner S, et al: Benign brain stem lesions in pediatric patients with neurofibromatosis: case reports. Neurosurgery 25: 959-964, 1989
  14. Pollack I, Shultz B, Mulvihill JJ: The management of brainstem gliomas in patients with neurofibromatosis. Neurology 46: 1652-1660, 1996
  15. Pollack I, Mulvihill JJ: Special issues in the management of gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis. J Neurooncol 28(2-3): 257-268, 1996
  16. Behnke J, Christen HJ, Mursch K, et al: Intra-axial endophytic tumors in the pons and/or medulla oblongata. II. Intraoperative findings, postoperative results, and 2-year follow up in 25 children. Childs Nerv Syst, 13: 135-146, 1997
  17. Sanai N, Prados M: Brainstem gliomas, in Gupta N, Banerjee A, Haas-Kogan D (eds): Pediatric CNS Tumors. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2010, pp 49-65
  18. Epstein FJ, Farmer JP, Freed D: Adult intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas: the result of surgery in 38 patients. J Neurosurg 79: 204-209, 1993
  19. Scherer H: Structural development in gliomas. Am J Cancer, 33: 333-351, 1938
  20. Wolff, JE, Classen CF, Koontz, Z, et al: Subpopulations of malignant gliomas in pediatric patients: analysis of the HIT-GBM database. J Neurooncol 87: 155-164, 2008
  21. Wolff JE, Driever PH, Erdlenbruch B, et al: Intensive chemotherapy improves survival in pediatric high-grade glioma after gross total resection: results of the HIT-GBM-C protocol. Cancer 116: 705-712, 2010
  22. Cartmill M, Punt J: Diffuse brain stem glioma. A review of stereotactic biopsies. Childs Nerv Syst 15: 235-237; discussion 238, 1999
  23. Fisher PG, Breiter SN, Carson, BS, et al: A clinicopathologic reappraisal of brain stem tumor classification. Identification of pilocytic astrocytoma and fibrillary astrocytoma as distinct entities. Cancer 89: 1569-1576, 2000
  24. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, et al: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, in Louis DN, Ohgaki H ,Wiestler OD, et al (eds): International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons: WHO Press, 2007, pp 13-32
  25. De Girolami U, Antony DC, Frosch, MP: The Central Nervous System, in Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins, T (eds): Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999, pp 1343-1351
  26. Pollack I, Hoffman HJ, Humphreys RP, et al: The long-term outcome after surgical treatment of dorsally exophytic brain-stem gliomas. J Neurosurg 78: 859-63, 1993
  27. Ueoka DI, Nogueira J, Campos JC, et al: Brainstem gliomas. Retrospective analysis of 86 patients. J Neurol Sci 281: 20–23, 2009
  28. Behnke J, Christen HJ, Bruck W, et al: Intra-axial endophytic tumors in the pons and/or medulla oblongata. I. Symptoms, neuroradiological findings, and histopathology in 30 children. Childs Nerv Syst 13: 122-134, 1997
  29. Albright L: Tumors of the pons. Neurosurg Clin N Am 4: 529-536, 1993
  30. Helton KJ, Weeks JK, Phillips NS, et al: Diffusion tensor imaging of brainstem tumors: axonal degeneration of motor and sensory tracts. J Neurosurg Pediatr 1: 270-276, 2008, doi:10.3171/PED/2008/1/4/270
  31. Sethi R, Allen J, Donahue B, et al: Prospective neuraxis MRI surveillance reveals a high risk of leptomeningeal dissemination in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Neurooncol 102: 121-127, 2011
  32. Albright AL, Packer RJ, Zimmerman R, et al: Magnetic resonance scans should replace biopsies for the diagnosis of diffuse brain stem gliomas: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. Neurosurgery 33 1026-1029; discussion 1029-30, 1993
  33. Daglioglu E, Cataltepe O, Akalan N: Tectal gliomas in children: The implications for natural history and management strategy. Pediatr Neurosurg 38: 223–231 , 2003
  34. Mundinger F, Braus DF, Krauss JK, et al: Long-term outcome of 89 low-grade brain-stem gliomas after interstitial radiation therapy. J Neurosurg 75:740–746, 1991
  35. Yamaguchi S, Terasaka S, Kobayashi H, et al: Indolent dorsal midbrain tumor: new findings based on positron emission tomography. J Neurosurg Pediatr 3: 270–275, 2009
  36. Korinthenberg R, Neuburger D, Trippel M, et al: Long-term results of brachytherapy with temporary iodine-125 seeds in children with low-grade gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 79:1131-1138, 2011
  37. Morata N, Deletis V:  The importance of brainstem mapping in brainstem surgical anatomy before the fourth ventricle and implication for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring.  Acta Neurochir 148: 499-509, 2006
  38. Morata N, Ihara S, Deletis V: Intraoperative neurophysiology for surgery in and around the brainstem:  role of brainstem mapping and corticobulbar tract motor-evoked potential monitoring. Childs Nerv Syst 26: 513-521, 2010
  39. Neuloh G, Bogucki J, Schramm J:  Intraoperative preservation of corticospinal function in the brainstem.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80: 417-422, 2009
  40. Sala F, Krzan MJ, Deletis V:  Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in pediatric neurosurgery: why, when, how?  Childs Nerv Syst 18:264-287, 2002
  41. Kwon JW, Kim IO, Cheon JE, et al: Paediatric brain-stem gliomas: MRI, FDG-PET and histological grading correlation. Pediatr Radiol  36: 959–964, 2006
  42. Ahn ES, Goumnerova  L: Endoscopic biopsy of brain tumors in children: diagnostic success and utility in guiding treatment strategies. J Neurosurg Pediatr 5: 255–262, 2010
  43. Ramina R, Neto MC, Fernandes YB, et al: Intrinsic tectal low grade astrocytomas. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 63: 40-45, 2005
  44. Kestle J, Townsend JJ, Brockmeyer DL, et al: Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma of the brainstem in children. J Neurosurg (Pediatr 2) 101:1–6, 2004
  45. Shad A, Green A, Bojanic S, et al: Awake stereotactic biopsy of brain stem lesions: technique and results. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147: 47–50, 2005
  46. Yen CP, Sheehan J, Steiner M, et al: Gamma knife surgery for focal brainstem gliomas. J Neurosurg 106:8–17, 2007
  47. O’Brien DF, Hayhurst C, Pizer B, et al: Outcomes in patients undergoing single-trajectory endoscopic third ventriculostomy and endoscopic biopsy for midline tumors presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg (3 Suppl Pediatr) 105:219–226, 2006
  48. Koziarski A, Zieliński G, Podgórski JK, et al: One stage removal of periaqueductal glioma in adult via infratentorial supracerebellar and transaqueductal approaches. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 146: 169–173, 2004
  49. Allen JC, Siffert J: Contemporary chemotherapy issues for children with brainstem gliomas. Pediatr Neurosurg, 24: 98-102, 1996
  50. Broniscer CC, Leite VL, Lanchote TM, et al: Radiation therapy and high-dose tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with diffuse brainstem gliomas: results of a Brazilian cooperative study. Brainstem Glioma Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol, 18: 1246-1253, 2000
  51. Blaney S, Berg SL, Pratt C, et al: A phase I study of irinotecan in pediatric patients: a pediatric oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res 7: 32-37, 2001
  52. Rutka JT, Kuo JS: Pediatric surgical neuro-oncology: current best care practices and strategies. J Neurooncol 69: 139-150, 2004
  53. Chiang KL, Chang KP, Lee YY, et al: Role of temozolomide in the treatment of newly diagnosed diffuse brainstem glioma in children: experience at a single institution. Childs Nerv Syst 26: 1035-1041, 2010
  54. Schild SE, Stafford SL, Brown PD, et al: The results of radiotherapy for brainstem tumors. J Neurooncol 40: 171-177, 1998
  55. Skowronska-Gardas A: Evaluation of radiotherapy for pediatric CNS tumors. Expert Rev Neurother 3: 491-500, 2003
  56. Hoffman KE, Yock TI: Radiation therapy for pediatric central nervous system tumors. J Child Neurol 24: 1387-1396, 2009
  57. Combs SE, Bischof M, Welzel T, et al: Radiochemotherapy with temozolomide as re-irradiation using high precision fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) in patients with recurrent gliomas. J Neurooncol 89: 205-210, 2008
  58. Mirza B, Monsted A, Harding J, et al: Stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery in pediatric patients: analysis of indications and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst 26: 1785-1793, 2010
  59. Khatib ZA, Heideman RL, Kovnar EH, et al: Predominance of pilocytic histology in dorsally exophytic brain stem tumors. Pediatr Neurosurg 20: 2-10, 1994
  60. Recinos PF, Sciubba DM, Jallo GI: Brainstem tumors: where are we today? Pediatr Neurosurg 43: 192-201, 2007
  61. Abbott R, Shiminski-Maher T, Wisoff JH, et al: Intrinsic tumors of the medulla: surgical complications. Pediatr Neurosurg 17: 239-44, 1991
  62. Bobo RH, Laske DW, Akbasak A, et al., Convection-enhanced delivery of macromolecules in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 2076-2080, 1994
  63. Sandberg DI, Edgar MA, Souweidane MM: Effect of hyperosmolar mannitol on convection-enhanced delivery into the rat brain stem. J Neurooncol 58: 187-192, 2002
  64. Sandberg DI, Edgar MA, Souweidane MM: Convection-enhanced delivery into the rat brainstem. J Neurosurg 96: 885-891, 2002
  65. Occhiogrosso G, Edgar MA, Sandberg DI, et al: Prolonged convection-enhanced delivery into the rat brainstem. Neurosurgery 52: 388-393; discussion 393-394, 2003
  66. Croteau D, Walbridge S, Morrison PF, et al., Real-time in vivo imaging of the convective distribution of a low-molecular-weight tracer. J Neurosurg 102: 90-97, 2005
  67. Krauze MT, Vandenberg SR, Yamashita Y, et al: Safety of real-time convection-enhanced delivery of liposomes to primate brain: a long-term retrospective. Exp Neurol 210: 638-644, 2008
  68. Laske DW, Morrison PF, Lieberman DM, et al: Chronic interstitial infusion of protein to primate brain: determination of drug distribution and clearance with single-photon emission computerized tomography imaging. J Neurosurg 87: 586-594, 1997
  69. Lonser RR, Schiffman R, Robison RA, et al: Image-guided, direct convective delivery of glucocerebrosidase for neuronopathic Gaucher disease. Neurology 68: 254-261, 2007
  70. Lonser RR, Walbridge S, Garmestani K, et al: Successful and safe perfusion of the primate brainstem: in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of macromolecular distribution during infusion. J Neurosurg 97: 905-13, 2002
  71. Nguyen TT. Pannu YS, Sung C, et al: Convective distribution of macromolecules in the primate brain demonstrated using computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 98: 584-590, 2003
  72. Souweidane MM, Occhiogrosso G, Mark EB, et al: Interstitial infusion of IL13-PE38QQR in the rat brain stem. J Neurooncol 67: 287-293, 2004
  73. Souweidane MM, Occhiogrosso G, Mark EB, et al: Interstitial infusion of carmustine in the rat brain stem with systemic administration of O6-benzylguanine. J Neurooncol 67: 319-326, 2004
  74. Luther N, Cheung NK, Dunkel IJ, et al: Intraparenchymal and intratumoral interstitial infusion of anti-glioma monoclonal antibody 8H9. Neurosurgery 63: 1166-1174; discussion 1174, 2008
  75. Luther N, Cheung NK, Dunkel IJ, et al: Interstitial infusion of glioma-targeted recombinant immunotoxin 8H9scFv-PE38. Mol Cancer Ther 9: 1039-1046, 2010
  76. Murad GJ, Walbridge S, Morrison PF, et al: Real-time, image-guided, convection-enhanced delivery of interleukin 13 bound to pseudomonas exotoxin. Clin Cancer Res 12: 3145-3151, 2006
  77. Murad GJ, Walbridge S, Morrison PF, et al: Image-guided convection-enhanced delivery of gemcitabine to the brainstem. J Neurosurg 106:351-356, 2007
  78. Szerlip NJ, Walbridge S, Yang L, et al: Real-time imaging of convection-enhanced delivery of viruses and virus-sized particles. J Neurosurg 107: 560-567, 2007
  79. Becher OJ, Hambardzumyan D, Walker TR, et al: Preclinical evaluation of radiation and perifosine in a genetically and histologically accurate model of brainstem glioma. Cancer Res 70: 2548-2557, 2010
  80. Zarghooni M, Bartels U, Lee E, et al: Whole-genome profiling of pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas highlights platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase as potential therapeutic targets. J Clin Oncol 28: 1337-1344, 2010
  81. Paugh BS, Qu C, Jones C, et al: Integrated molecular genetic profiling of pediatric high-grade gliomas reveals key differences with the adult disease. J Clin Oncol 28:3061-3068, 2010
  82. Barrow J, Adamowicz-Brice M, Cartmill M, MacArthur D, Lowe J, Robson K, Brundler MA, Walker DA, Coyle B, Grundy R: Homozygous loss of ADAM3A revealed by genome-wide analysis of pediatric high-grade glioma and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. Neuro Oncol 13: 212-222, 2011
  83. Joshi BH, Puri RA, Leland P, et al: Identification of interleukin-13 receptor alpha2 chain overexpression in situ in high-grade diffusely infiltrative pediatric brainstem glioma. Neuro Oncol 10: 265-74, 2008
  84. Grill J, Puget S, Andreiuolo F, et al: Critical oncogenic mutations in newly diagnosed pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 58:489-491, 2012
  85. Li G, Mitra S, Monje M, et al: Expression of epidermal growth factor variant III (EGFRvIII) in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. J Neurooncol 108:395-402, 2012
  86. Puget S, Phillipe C, Bax D, et al: Mesenchymal transition and PDGFRA amplification/mutation are key distinct oncogenic events in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. PloS One 7:e30313, 2012
  87. Warren K, Killian K, Suuriniemi M, et al: Genomic aberrations in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. Neuro Oncol 14:326-332, 2012
  88. Giussani C, Poliakov A, Ferri R, et al: DTI fiber tracking to differentiate demyelinating diseases from diffuse brain stem glioma. NeuroImage 52:217-223, 2010
  89. Poussaint T, Kocak M, Vajapeyam S, et al: MRI as a central component of clinical trials analysis in brainstem glioma: a report from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC). Neuro Oncol 13:417-427, 2011
  90. Steffen-Smith E, Shih J, Hipp S, et al: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy predicts survival in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Neurooncol 105:365-373, 2011
  91. Poretti A, Meoded A, Huisman T: Neuroimaging of pediatric posterior fossa tumors including review of the literature. J Mag Res Imag 35:32-47, 2012
  92. Paugh BS, Broniscer A, Qu C, et al: Genome-wide analyses identify recurrent amplifications of receptor tyrosine kinases and cell-cycle regulatory genes in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Clin Oncol 29:3999-4006, 2011
  93. Kaplan AM, Albright AL, Zimmerman RA, et al: Brain stem gliomas in children. A Children’s Cancer Group review of 119 cases. Childs Nerv Syst 24:185–192, 1996
  94. Hargrave D, Bartels U, Bouffet E: Diffuse brainstem glioma in children: critical review of clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 7: 241-248, 2006
  95. Mauffrey C: Paediatric brainstem gliomas: prognostic factors and management. J Clin Neurosci 13: 431-437, 2006
  96. Thakur SB, Karimi S, Dunkel IJ, et al: Longitudinal MR spectroscopic imaging of pediatric diffuse pontine tumors to assess tumor aggression and progression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27: 806-809, 2006
  97. Porto L, Hattingen E, Pilatus U, et al: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in childhood brainstem lesions. Childs Nerv Syst 23: 305-314, 2007
  98. Morota N, Deletis V, Epstein FJ, et al: Brain stem mapping: neurophysiological localization of motor nuclei on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Neurosurgery 37: 929-30, 1995
  99. Jallo GI, Shiminski-Maher T, Velazquez L, et al: Recovery of cranial nerve function after surgery for medullary brainstem tumors. Neurosurgery 56:75-77, 2005
  100. Weiner HL, Freed D, Woo HH, et al: Intra-axial tumors of the cervicomedullary junction: surgical results and long-term outcome. Pediatr Neurosurg 27:12-18, 1997
  101. Jallo G, Kothbauer K, Epstein, F: Surgical management of cervicomedullary and dorsally exophytic brain stem tumors. Oper Tech Neurosurg 3:131-136, 2000
  102. Li KW, Roonprapunt C, Lawson HC, et al: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus associated with tectal gliomas. Neurosurg Focus 18 (6A): E2, 2005
  103. Holliday MA, Segar WE: The maintenance need for water in parentral fluid therapy. Pediatrics 19: 823-832, 1957
  104. Kernohan JW, Sayre GS: Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Section X, Fascicle 35. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1952, pp 19–42
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