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References for Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System in Children

This page was last updated on August 19th, 2022

  1. World Health Organization: Global tuberculosis control – epidemiology, strategy, financing. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009
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  7. Thwaites GE, Schoeman JF: Update on tuberculosis of the central nervous system: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Chest Med 30:745-754, 2009
  8. Buonsenso D, Serranti D, Valentini P: Management of central nervous system tuberculosis in children: light and shade. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 14:845-853, 2010
  9. Farinha NJ, Razali KA, Holzel H, et al: Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in children: a 20-year survey. J Infect 41:61-68, 2000
  10. Yaramis A, Gurkan F, Elevli M, et al: Central nervous system tuberculosis in children: a review of 214 cases. Pediatrics 102:E49, 1998
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  12. API Consensus Expert Committee. API TB Consensus Guidelines 2006: Management of pulmonary tuberculosis, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculosis in special situations. J Assoc Physicians India. 54:219-34,2006
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  16. Phypers M, Harris T, Power C: CNS tuberculosis: a longitudinal analysis of epidemiological and clinical features. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10:99-103, 2006
  17. Rock RB, Olin M, Baker CA, et al: Central nervous system tuberculosis: pathogenesis and clinical aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 21:243-261, 2008
  18. Be NA, Kim KS, Bishai WR, et al: Pathogenesis of central nervous system tuberculosis. Curr Mol Med 9:94-99, 2009
  19. Rich AR McCordock HA. The pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis. Bull John Hopkins Hosp 52:5-37, 1933
  20. Udani PM, Parekh UC, Dastur DK: Neurological and related syndromes in CNS tuberculosis. Clinical features and pathogenesis. J Neurol Sci 14:341-357, 1971
  21. Dastur DK, Manghani DK, Udani PM: Pathology and pathogenetic mechanisms in neurotuberculosis. Radiol Clin North Am 33:733-752, 1995
  22. Bayindir C, Mete O, Bilgic B: Retrospective study of 23 pathologically proven cases of central nervous system tuberculomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 108:353-357, 2006
  23. Blanco Garcia FJ, Sanchez Bias M, Freire Gonzalez M: Histopathologic features of cerebral vasculitis associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum 42:383, 1999
  24. Cherian A, Thomas SV: Central nervous system tuberculosis. Afr Health Sci 11:116-127, 2011
  25. Rajshekhar V: Management of hydrocephalus in patients with tuberculous meningitis. Neurol India 57:368-74. 2009
  26. Thwaites G, Fisher M, Hemingway C, et al: British Infection Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults and children. J Infect 59:167-187, 2009
  27. Chatterjee SJ: Brain tuberculomas, tubercular meningitis, and post-tubercular hydrocephalus in children. Pediatr Neurosci 6 (Suppl 1): S96-S100, 2011
  28. Stewart SM: The bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Pathol 6:241-242, 1953
  29. Kennedy DH, Fallon RJ: Tuberculous meningitis. JAMA 241:264-268,1979
  30. Verdon R, Chevret S, Laissy JP, et al: Tuberculous meningitis in adults: review of 48 cases. Clin Infect Dis 22:982-988, 1996
  31. Thwaites GE, Chau TT, Farrar JJ: Improving the bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 42:378-379,2004
  32. Girgis NI, Farid Z, Kilpatrick ME, et al: Dexamethasone adjunctive treatment for tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10:179-183, 1991
  33. Bhargava S, Gupta AK, Tandon PN: Tuberculous meningitis–a CT study. Br J Radiol 55:189-196, 1982
  34. Lorber J: Studies of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation in tuberculous meningitis in children. Part II. A review of 100 pneumoencephalograms. Arch Dis Child 26:28-44, 1951
  35. Schoeman J, Donald P, van Zyl L, et al: Tuberculous hydrocephalus: comparison of different treatments with regard to ICP, ventricular size and clinical outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 33:396-405, 1991
  36. Andronikou S, Smith B, Hatherhill M, et al: Definitive neuroradiological diagnostic features of tuberculous meningitis in children. Pediatr Radiol 34:876-885, 2004
  37. Srikanth SG, Taly AB, Nagarajan K, et al: Clinicoradiological features of tuberculous meningitis in patients over 50 years of age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:536-538, 2007
  38. Gupta RK, Pandey P, Khan EM, et al: Intracranial tuberculomas: MRI signal intensity correlation with histopathology and localized proton spectroscopy. Magn Reson Imag 11:443–449, 1993
  39. Kaufmann SH: Future vaccination strategies against tuberculosis: Thinking outside the box. Immunity 33:567–577, 2010
  40. Braga FJ, Maes A, Vanteenkiste P, et al: Neural tuberculosis detected by F-18 FDG positron emission tomography. Clin Nucl Med 26:706, 2001
  41. Thwaites GE, Nguyen DB, Nguyen HD, et al: Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults. N Engl J Med 351:1741-1751, 2004
  42. Schoeman J F VanZyl LE, Laubscher JA, et al: Effect of corticosteroids on intracranial pressure, computed tomographic findings and clinical outcome in young children with tuberculous meningitis.  Pediatrics 99:226-31, 1997
  43. Cardenas G, Soto-Hernandez JL, Orozco RV, et al: Tuberculous brain abscesses in immunocompetent patients: management and outcome. Neurosurgery 67:1081-1087, 2010
  44. Azam M, Bhatti N: Intracranial tuberculomas and caries spine: an experience from Children’s Hospital Islamabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 16:7-11, 2004
  45. Darwish B, Blackmore T, Hunn M: Intracranial and spinal tuberculosis requiring neurosurgical intervention. The Wellington Hospital experience 1998-2001. N Z Med J 114:445-447, 2001
  46. Schoeman JF, Laubscher JA, Donald PR: Serial lumbar CSF presure measurements and cranial computed tomographic findings in childhood tuberculous meningitits. Childs Nerv Syst 16:203-208, 2000
  47. World Health Organization: Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programmes. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2003
  48. Jindani A, Nunn AJ, Enarson DA: Two 8-month regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: international multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 364:1244-1251, 2004
  49. Schoeman J, Donald P, van Zyl L, et al: Tuberculous hydrocephalus: comparison of different treatments with regard to ICP, ventricular size and clinical outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 33:396-405, 1991
  50. Chugh A, Husain M, Gupta RK, et al: Surgical outcome of tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus treated by endoscopic third ventriculostomy: prognostic factors and postoperative neuroimaging for functional assessment of ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg Pediatr 3:371-377, 2009
  51. Garg RK: Tuberculosis of the central nervous system. Postgrad Med J 75:133-40, 1999
  52. Shelburne SA Hamill RJ: The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS Rev 5:67-79, 2003
  53. Kwara A, Carter EJ, Rich JD, et al: Development of opportunistic infections after diagnosis of active tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 18:341-347, 2004
  54. Prasad K Singh MB: Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, 2008
  55. Girgis NI, Farid Z, Kilpatrick ME, et al: Dexamethasone adjunctive treatment for tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10:179-183, 1991
  56. Karande S, Gupta V, Kulkarni M, et al: Prognostic clinical variables in childhood tuberculous meningitis: an experience from Mumbai, India. Neurol India 53:191-195; discussion 5-6, 2005
  57. Rao GP, Nadh BR, Hemaratnan A, et al: Paradoxical progression of tuberculous lesions during chemotherapy of central nervous system tuberculosis. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg 83:359-362, 1995
  58. Gupta M Bajaj BK, Khwaja G: Paradoxical response in patients with CNS tuberculosis. J Assoc Physicians India 51: 257-60, 2003
  59. Nicolls DJ, King M, Holland D, et al: Intracranial tuberculomas developing while on therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 5:795-801, 2005
  60. Thwaites GE, Hien TT: Tuberculous meningitis: many questions, too few answers. The Lancet Neurology 4:160-70, 2005
  61. Yew WW, Leung CC: Antituberculosis drugs and hepatotoxicity. Respirology 11:699-707, 2006
  62. Holdiness M: Management of tuberculous meningitis. Drugs 39:224–33, 1990
  63. Lee WY, Pang KY, Wong CK: Brain tuberculoma in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 8:52-56,2002
  64. Shaw JET, Pasipanodya JG, Gumbo T: Meningeal tuberculosis: high long-term mortality despite standard therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 89:189-195, 2010
  65. Sinha MK Garg R, Anuradha HK, et al: Vision impairment in tuberculous meningitis: predictors and prognosis. J Neurol Sci 290:27-32, 2010
  66. Misra UK, Kalita J, Roy AK, et al: Role of clinical, radiological, and neurophysiological changes in predicting the outcome of tuberculous meningitis: a multivariable analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:300-303, 2000
  67. Misra UK, Kalita J, Srivastava M, et al: Prognosis of tuberculous meningitis: a multivariate analysis. J Neurol Sci 137:57-61, 1996
  68. Kumar RD, Kumar A, Kohli P, et al: Tuberculous meningitis in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated children. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1550-1554, 2005
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