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HomeCongenital Disorders of the Nervous System in ChildrenPositional Plagiocephaly in Children HomepageReferences for Positional Plagiocephaly in Children

References for Positional Plagiocephaly in Children

This page was last updated on November 25th, 2022

  1. AAP Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS: Positioning and SIDS. Pediatrics 89:1120-1126, 1992
  2. AAP Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Changing concepts of sudden infant death syndrome: implications for infant sleeping environment and sleep position. Pediatrics 105:650-656, 2000
  3. AAP Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Pediatrics 116:1245-1255, 2005
  4. Argenta L, David L, Thompson J: Clinical classification of positional plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg 15:368-372, 2004
  5. Baird LC, Klimo P Jr, Flannery AM, et al: Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of Patients With Positional Plagiocephaly: The Role of Physical Therapy. Neurosurgery Nov;79(5):E630-E631, 2016
  6. Ballardini E, Sisti M, Basaglia N, et al: Prevalence and characteristics of positional plagiocephaly in healthy full-term infants at 8-12 weeks of life. Eur J Pediatr. Oct;177(10):1547-1554, 2018
  7. Boere-Boonekamp MM, van der Linden-Kuiper LL: Positional preference: prevalence in infants and follow-up after two years. Pediatrics 107:339-343, 2001
  8. Clarren SK: Plagiocephaly and torticollis: etiology, natural history, and helmet treatment. J Pediatr 98:92-95, 1981
  9. Collett B, Breiger D, King D, et al: Neurodevelopmental implications of “deformational” plagiocephaly. J Dev Behav Pediatr 26:379-389, 2005
  10. Davis BE, Moon RY, Sachs HC, et al: Effects of sleep position on infant motor development. Pediatrics 102:1135-1140, 1998
  11. de Chalain TM, Park S: Torticollis associated with positional plagiocephaly: a growing epidemic. J Craniofac Surg 16:411-418, 2005
  12. de Ribaupierre S, Vernet O, Rilliet B, et al: Posterior positional plagiocephaly treated with cranial remodeling orthosis. Swiss Med Wkly 137:368-372, 2007
  13. Govaert B, Michels A, Colla C, et al: Molding therapy of positional plagiocephaly: subjective outcome and quality of life. J Craniofac Surg 19:56-58, 2008
  14. Graham JM, Jr., Gomez M, Halberg A, et al: Management of deformational plagiocephaly: repositioning versus orthotic therapy. J Pediatr 146:258-262, 2005
  15. Hellbusch JL, Hellbusch LC, Bruneteau RJ: Active counter-positioning treatment of deformational occipital plagiocephaly. Nebr Med J 80:344-349, 1995
  16. Hinken L, Willenborg H, Dávila LA, Daentzer D. Outcome analysis of molding helmet therapy using a classification differentiation between plagiocephaly, brachycephaly and combination of both. J Craniomaxillofac Surg pii: S1010-5182(18)30737-6, 2019 
  17. Holowka MA, Reisner A, Giavedoni B, et al: Plagiocephaly severity scale to aid in clinical treatment recommendations.  J Craniofacial Surg 28:717-722, 2017
  18. Hutchison BL, Hutchison LA, Thompson JM, et al: Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly in the first two years of life: a prospective cohort study. Pediatrics 114:970-980, 2004
  19. Jantz JW, Blosser CD, Fruechting LA: A motor milestone change noted with a change in sleep position. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151:565-568, 1997
  20. Flannery AB, Looman WS, Kemper K: Evidence-based care of the child with deformational plagiocephaly, Part II: Management. J Pediatr Health Care 26:320-331, 2012
  21. Kane AA, Mitchell LE, Craven KP, et al: Observations on a recent increase in plagiocephaly without synostosis. Pediatrics 97:877-85, 1996
  22. Kelly KM, Joganic EF, Beals SP, et al:  Helmet treatment of infants with deformational brachycephaly. Global Pediatric Health 5:1-11, 2018
  23. Kelly KM, Littlefield TR, Pomatto JK, et al: Importance of early recognition and treatment of deformational plagiocephaly with orthotic cranioplasty. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 36:127-130, 1999
  24. Klimo P Jr, Lingo PR, Baird LC, et al: Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on the Management of Patients with Positional Plagiocephaly: The Role of Repositioning. Neurosurgery 79(5):E627-E629, 2019
  25. Kunz F, Schweitzer T, Grosse S et al:  Head orthosis therapy in positional plagiocephaly:  longitudinal 3D-investiation of long-term outcomes, compared with untreated infants and with a control group.  European J of Orthodontics 41: 29-37, 2019
  26. Lee HS, Kim SJ, Kwon JY:  Parents’ perspectives and clinical effectiveness of cranial-molding orthoses in infants with plagiocephaly. Ann Rehabil Med 42:737-747, 2018
  27. Lee RP, Teichgraeber JF, Baumgartner JE, et al: Long-term treatment effectiveness of molding helmet therapy in the correction of posterior deformational plagiocephaly: a five-year follow-up. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 45:240-245, 2008
  28. Lee WT, Richards K, Redhed J, et al: A pneumatic orthotic cranial molding helmet for correcting positional plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg 17:139-144, 2006
  29. Littlefield TR, Beals SP, Manwaring KH, et al: Treatment of craniofacial asymmetry with dynamic orthotic cranioplasty. J Craniofac Surg 9:11-17, 1998
  30. Littlefield TR, Kelly KM, Pomatto JK, et al: Multiple-birth infants at higher risk for development of deformational plagiocephaly. Pediatrics 103:565-569, 1999
  31. Littlefield TR, Kelly KM, Reiff JL, Pomatto JK:  Car seats, infant carriers, and swings: their role in deformational plagiocephaly. J Prosthetics and Orthotics 15: 102-106, 2003
  32. Littlefield TR, Saba NM, Kelly KM. On the current incidence of deformational plagiocephaly: an estimation based on prospective registration at a single center. Semin Pediatr Neurol 11(4):301-4, 2004
  33. Looman WS, Flannery AB:  Evidence-based care of the child with deformational plagiocephaly, Part I: Assessment and diagnosis. J Ped Health Care 26:242-250, 2012
  34. Losee JE, Mason AC, Dudas J, et al: Nonsynostotic occipital plagiocephaly: factors impacting onset, treatment, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:1866-1873, 2007
  35. Loveday BP, de Chalain TB: Active counterpositioning or orthotic device to treat positional plagiocephaly? J Craniofac Surg 12:308-313, 2001
  36. Marchac A, Arnaud E, Di Rocco F, et al: Severe deformational plagiocephaly: long-term results of surgical treatment. J Craniofac Surg 22(1):24-9, 2011
  37. Mawji A, Vollman AR, Hatfield J, McNeil DA, Sauvé R. The incidence of positional plagiocephaly: a cohort study. Pediatrics 132(2):298-304, 2013
  38. Mazzola C, Baird LC, Bauer DF, et al: Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline for the Diagnosis of Patients with Positional Plagiocephaly: The Role of Imaging. Neurosurgery 79(5):E625-E62, 2016
  39. McKinney CM, Cunningham ML, Holt VL, et al: Characteristics of 2733 cases diagnosed with deformational plagiocephaly and changes in risk factors over time. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 45:208-216, 2008
  40. Miller RI, Clarren SK: Long-term developmental outcomes in patients with deformational plagiocephaly. Pediatrics 105:E26, 2000
  41. Mortenson PA, Steinbok P: Quantifying positional plagiocephaly: reliability and validity of anthropometric measurements. J Craniofac Surg 17:413-419, 2006
  42. Moss SD: Nonsurgical, nonorthotic treatment of occipital plagiocephaly: what is the natural history of the misshapen neonatal head? J Neurosurg 87:667-670, 1997
  43. Mulliken JB, Vander Woude DL, Hansen M, et al: Analysis of posterior plagiocephaly: deformational versus synostotic. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:371-380, 1999
  44. O’Broin ES, Allcutt D, Earley MJ: Posterior plagiocephaly: proactive conservative management. Br J Plast Surg 52:18-23, 1999
  45. Peitsch WK, Keefer CH, LaBrie RA, et al: Incidence of cranial asymmetry in healthy newborns. Pediatrics 110:e72, 2002
  46. Persing J, James H, Swanson J, et al: Prevention and management of positional skull deformities in infants. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Plastic Surgery and Section on Neurological Surgery. Pediatrics 112:199-202, 2003
  47. Pollack IF, Losken HW, Fasick P: Diagnosis and management of posterior plagiocephaly. Pediatrics 99:180-185, 1997
  48. Regelsberger J, Delling G, Tsokos M, et al: High-frequency ultrasound confirmation of positional plagiocephaly. J Neurosurg 105:413-417, 2006
  49. Robinson S, Proctor M: Diagnosis and management of deformational plagiocephaly. J Neurosurg Pediatr 3:284-295, 2009
  50. Rogers GF, Miller J, Mulliken JB: Comparison of a modifiable cranial cup versus repositioning and cervical stretching for the early correction of deformational posterior plagiocephaly. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:941-947, 2008
  51. Saeed NR, Wall SA, Dhariwal DK: Management of positional plagiocephaly. Arch Dis Child 93:82-84, 2008
  52. Shweikeh F, Nuño M, Danielpour M, et al: Positional plagiocephaly: an analysis of the literature on the effectiveness of current guidelines. Neurosurg Focus 35(4):E1, 2013
  53. Stellwagen L, Hubbard E, Chambers C, et al: Torticollis, facial asymmetry and plagiocephaly in normal newborns. Arch Dis Child 93:827-831, 2008
  54. Sze RW, Parisi MT, Sidhu M, et al: Ultrasound screening of the lambdoid suture in the child with posterior plagiocephaly. Pediatr Radiol 33:630-636, 2003
  55. Tamber MS, Nikas D, Beier A, et al: Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on the Role of Cranial Molding Orthosis (Helmet) Therapy for Patients With Positional Plagiocephaly. Neurosurgery 79(5):E632-E633, 2016
  56. Teichgraeber JF, Seymour-Dempsey K, Baumgartner JE, et al: Molding helmet therapy in the treatment of brachycephaly and plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg 15:118-123, 2004
  57. van Vlimmeren LA, van der Graaf Y, Boere-Boonekamp MM, et al: Risk factors for deformational plagiocephaly at birth and at 7 weeks of age: a prospective cohort study. Pediatrics 119:e408-418, 2007
  58. Zonenshayn M, Kronberg E, Souweidane MM: Cranial index of symmetry: an objective semiautomated measure of plagiocephaly. Technical note. J Neurosurg 100:537-540, 2004
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