Cite

Copy

Tap on and choose 'Add to Home Screen' to create a shortcut app

Tap on and choose 'Add to Home Screen/Install App' to create a shortcut app

References For Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations In Children

This page was last updated on March 31st, 2025

  1. Friedlander RM. Clinical practice. Arteriovenous malformations of the brain. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(26):2704-2712. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp067192
  2. Darsaut TE, Guzman R, Marcellus ML, et al. Management of pediatric intracranial arteriovenous malformations: experience with multimodality therapy. Neurosurgery. 2011;69(3):540-556; discussion 556. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182181c00
  3. Brown RD, Wiebers DO, Torner JC, et al. Incidence and prevalence of intracranial vascular malformations in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1965 to 1992. Neurology. 1996;46(4):949-952. doi:10.1212/wnl.46.4.949
  4. ApSimon HT., Reef H, Phadke RV, et al. A population-based study of brain arteriovenous malformation. Stroke. 2002;33(12):2794-2800. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000043674.99741.9B
  5. Berman MF, Sciacca RR, Pile-Spellman J, et al. The epidemiology of brain arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(2):389-396; discussion 397. doi:10.1097/00006123-200008000-00023
  6. Al-Shahi R, Fang JSY, Lewis SC, et al. Prevalence of adults with brain arteriovenous malformations: a community based study in Scotland using capture-recapture analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(5):547-551. doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.5.547
  7. Kondziolka D, Humphreys RP, Hoffman HJ, et al. Arteriovenous malformations of the brain in children: a forty year experience. Can J Neurol Sci. 1992;19(1):40-45.
  8. Riordan CP, Orbach DB, Smith ER, et al. Acute fatal hemorrhage from previously undiagnosed cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children: a single-center experience. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(3):244-250. doi:10.3171/2018.3.PEDS1825
  9. Boulouis G, Blauwblomme T, Hak JF, et al. Nontraumatic pediatric intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2019;50(12):3654-3661. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025783
  10. Lee BB, Do YS, Yakes W, et al. Management of arteriovenous malformations: a multidisciplinary approach. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39(3):590-600. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2003.10.048
  11. Hoh BL, Ogilvy CS, Butler WE, et al. Multimodality treatment of nongalenic arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(2):346-357; discussion 357-358. doi:10.1097/00006123-200008000-00015
  12. Luschka H. Cavernöse blutgeschwulst des gehirnes. Archiv f pathol Anat. 1854;6(4):458-470. doi:10.1007/BF02116701
  13. Virchow R. Die Krankhaften Geschwülste: Dressig Vorlesungen Gehalted Während Des Wintersemesters 1862-1863 an Der Universität Zu Berlin. Vol 3. August Hirschwald; 1863.
  14. Noran HH. Intracranial vascular tumors and malformations. Arch Pathol 1945;39:403–04. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19462201331
  15. McCormick WF. The pathology of vascular (“arteriovenous”) malformations. J Neurosurg. 1966;24(4):807-816. doi:10.3171/jns.1966.24.4.0807
  16. Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986;65(4):476-483. doi:10.3171/jns.1986.65.4.0476
  17. Thomas JM, Surendran S, Abraham M, et al. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the development of arteriovenous malformations in the brain. Clin Epigenetics. 2016;8(1):78. doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0248-8
  18. Rangel-Castilla L, Russin JJ, Martinez-del-Campo E, et al. Molecular and cellular biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a review of current concepts and future trends in treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;37(3):E1. doi:10.3171/2014.7.FOCUS14214
  19. Sengupta RP, McAllister VL. Arteriovenous malformations. In: Sengupta RP, McAllister VL, eds. Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. Springer; 1986:283-313. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1383-6_13
  20. Yaşargil MG. Editorial: Personal considerations on the history of microneurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(6):1163-1175. doi:10.3171/2009.7.JNS091124
  21. Ellis JA, Lavine SD. Role of embolization for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2014;10(4):234-239. doi:10.14797/mdcj-10-4-234
  22. Serrone J, Zuccarello M. The role of microsurgical resection and radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2014;10(4):240-244. doi:10.14797/mdcj-10-4-240
  23. Yaşargil MG. Microneurosurgery, Vol III A. AVM of the Brain, History, Embryology, Pathological Considerations, Hemodynamics, Diagnostic Studies, Microsurgical Anatomy. Thieme; 1987. https://books.google.com/books?id=i6j9zQEACAAJ
  24. Cushing H. Tumors arising from the blood vessels of the brain: angiomatous malformations and hemangioblastomas. Springfiield IL. Published online 1928. https://books.google.com/books?id=enUuAAAAIAAJ
  25. Dandy WE. Arteriovenous aneurysm of the brain. Archives of Surgery. 1928;17(2):190-243. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1928.01140080014002
  26. Olivecrona H, Rives J. Arteriovenous aneurysms of the brain, their diagnosis and treatment. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1948 May;59(5):567-602. doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1948.02300400003001
  27. Luessenhop AJ, Spence WT. Artificial embolization of cerebral arteries. Report of use in a case of arteriovenous malformation. J Am Med Assoc. 1960;172:1153-1155. doi:10.1001/jama.1960.63020110001009
  28. Kerber CW, Bank WO, Cromwell LD. Calibrated leak balloon microcatheter: a device for arterial exploration and occlusive therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979;132(2):207-212. doi:10.2214/ajr.132.2.207
  29. Serbinenko FA. Balloon catheterization and occlusion of major cerebral vessels. J Neurosurg. 1974;41(2):125-145. doi:10.3171/jns.1974.41.2.0125
  30. Steiner L, Leksell L, Greitz T, et al. Stereotaxic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Report of a case. Acta Chir Scand. 1972;138(5):459-464.
  31. Lunsford LD, Niranjan A, Kano H, et al. The technical evolution of gamma knife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations. Prog Neurol Surg. 2013;27:22-34. doi:10.1159/000341625
  32. Stapf C, Mast H, Sciacca RR, et al. The New York Islands AVM Study: design, study progress, and initial results. Stroke. 2003;34(5):e29-33. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000068784.36838.19
  33. Hillman J. Population-based analysis of arteriovenous malformation treatment. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(4):633-637. doi:10.3171/jns.2001.95.4.0633
  34. Kader A, Goodrich JT, Sonstein WJ, et al. Recurrent cerebral arteriovenous malformations after negative postoperative angiograms. J Neurosurg. 1996;85(1):14-18. doi:10.3171/jns.1996.85.1.0014
  35. D’Aliberti G, Talamonti G, Versari PP, et al. Comparison of pediatric and adult cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg Sci. 1997;41(4):331-336.
  36. Kahl W, Kessel G, Schwarz M, et al. Arterio-venous malformations in childhood: clinical presentation, results after operative treatment and long-term follow-up. Neurosurg Rev. 1989;12(2):165-171. doi:10.1007/BF01741493
  37. Celli P, Ferrante L, Palma L, et al. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. Clinical features and outcome of treatment in children and in adults. Surg Neurol. 1984;22(1):43-49. doi:10.1016/0090-3019(84)90227-1
  38. Di Rocco C, Tamburrini G, Rollo M. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2000;142(2):145-158. doi:10.1007/s007010050017
  39. Hofmeister C, Stapf C, Hartmann A, et al. Demographic, morphological, and clinical characteristics of 1289 patients with brain arteriovenous malformation. Stroke. 2000;31(6):1307-1310. doi:10.1161/01.str.31.6.1307
  40. Pezeshkpour P, Dmytriw AA, Phan K, et al. Treatment strategies and related outcomes for brain arteriovenous malformations in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(2):472-487. doi:10.2214/AJR.19.22443
  41. Scherschinski L, Rahmani R, Srinivasan VM, et al. Genetics and emerging therapies for brain arteriovenous malformations. World Neurosurg. 2022;159:327-337. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.10.127
  42. Hetts SW, Shieh JT, Ohliger MA, et al. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: the convergence of genotype, phenotype, and imaging in modern diagnosis and management of a multisystem disease. Radiology. 2021;300(1):17-30. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021203487
  43. Brinjikji W, Iyer VN, Wood CP, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of brain arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(2):302-310. doi:10.3171/2016.7.JNS16847
  44. Revencu N, Boon LM, Mendola A, et al. RASA1 mutations and associated phenotypes in 68 families with capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation. Hum Mutat. 2013;34(12):1632-1641. doi:10.1002/humu.22431
  45. Komiyama M. Pathogenesis of brain arteriovenous malformations. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2016;56(6):317-325. doi:10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0051
  46. Wang K, Zhao S, Liu B, et al. Perturbations of BMP/TGF-β and VEGF/VEGFR signalling pathways in non-syndromic sporadic brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVM). J Med Genet. 2018;55(10):675-684. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105224
  47. Kim H, Su H, Weinsheimer S, et al. Brain arteriovenous malformation pathogenesis: a response-to-injury paradigm. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2011;111:83-92. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_14
  48. Lu L, Bischoff J, Mulliken JB, et al. Increased endothelial progenitor cells and vasculogenic factors in higher-staged arteriovenous malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Oct;128(4):260e-269e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182268afd. PMID: 21921738
  49. Smith ER, Scott RM. Pediatric patients with arteriovenous malformations: special considerations. In: Kondziolka DS, Kalani MYS, Higashida RT, et al., eds. Comprehensive Management of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain and Spine. Cambridge University Press; 2015:313-319. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139523943.029
  50. Fleetwood IG, Steinberg GK. Arteriovenous malformations. Lancet. 2002;359(9309):863-873. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07946-1
  51. Hashimoto T, Wen G, Lawton MT, et al. Abnormal expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke. 2003;34(4):925-931. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000061888.71524.DF
  52. Brown RD, Wiebers DO, Torner JC, et al. Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage as a presenting symptom and subtype analysis: a population-based study of intracranial vascular malformations in Olmsted County, Minnesota. J Neurosurg. 1996;85(1):29-32. doi:10.3171/jns.1996.85.1.0029
  53. Shankar JJS, Menezes RJ, Pohlmann-Eden B, et al. Angioarchitecture of brain AVM determines the presentation with seizures: proposed scoring system. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(5):1028-1034. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3361
  54. Garcin B, Houdart E, Porcher R, et al. Epileptic seizures at initial presentation in patients with brain arteriovenous malformation. Neurology. 2012;78(9):626-631. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182494d40
  55. Liu S, Chen H xu, Mao Q, et al. Factors associated with seizure occurrence and long-term seizure control in pediatric brain arteriovenous malformation: a retrospective analysis of 89 patients. BMC Neurol. 2015;15(1):155. doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0402-5
  56. Mast H, Mohr JP, Osipov A, et al. ‘Steal’ is an unestablished mechanism for the clinical presentation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke. 1995;26(7):1215-1220. doi:10.1161/01.STR.26.7.1215
  57. Ellis JA, Mejia Munne JC, Lavine SD, et al. Arteriovenous malformations and headache. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;23:38-43. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2015.08.003
  58. Walker EJ, Su H, Shen F, et al. Bevacizumab attenuates VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular malformations in the adult mouse brain. Stroke. 2012;43(7):1925-1930. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.647982
  59. Wooderchak-Donahue WL, Johnson P, McDonald J, et al. Expanding the clinical and molecular findings in RASA1 capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2018;26(10):1521-1536. doi:10.1038/s41431-018-0196-1
  60. Jin Y, Muhl L, Burmakin M, et al. Endoglin prevents vascular malformation by regulating flow-induced cell migration and specification through VEGFR2 signalling. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;19(6):639-652. doi:10.1038/ncb3534
  61. Mahmoud M, Allinson KR, Zhai Z, et al. Pathogenesis of arteriovenous malformations in the absence of endoglin. Circ Res. 2010;106(8):1425-1433. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.211037
  62. Nikolaev SI, Vetiska S, Bonilla X, et al. Somatic activating KRAS mutations in arteriovenous malformations of the brain. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(3):250-261. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1709449
  63. Järvelin P, Wright R, Pekonen H, et al. Histopathology of brain AVMs part I: microhemorrhages and changes in the nidal vessels. Acta Neurochir. 2020;162(7):1735-1740. doi:10.1007/s00701-020-04391-w
  64. Wright R, Järvelin P, Pekonen H, et al. Histopathology of brain AVMs part II: inflammation in arteriovenous malformation of the brain. Acta Neurochir. 2020;162(7):1741-1747. doi:10.1007/s00701-020-04328-3
  65. Niazi TN, Klimo P, Anderson RCE, et al. Diagnosis and management of arteriovenous malformations in children. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2010;21(3):443-456. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2010.03.012
  66. Graf CJ, Perret GE, Torner JC. Bleeding from cerebral arteriovenous malformations as part of their natural history. J Neurosurg. 1983;58(3):331-337. doi:10.3171/jns.1983.58.3.0331
  67. Pollock BE, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD, et al. Factors that predict the bleeding risk of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke. 1996;27(1):1-6. doi:10.1161/01.STR.27.1.1
  68. Yamada S, Takagi Y, Nozaki K, et al. Risk factors for subsequent hemorrhage in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(5):965-972. doi:10.3171/JNS-07/11/0965
  69. Fullerton HJ, Achrol AS, Johnston SC, et al. Long-term hemorrhage risk in children versus adults with brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2099-2104. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000181746.77149.2b
  70. Ondra SL, Troupp H, George ED, et al. The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: a 24-year follow-up assessment. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(3):387-391. doi:10.3171/jns.1990.73.3.0387
  71. Shojaku H, Seto H, Kakishita M, et al. Use of MR angiography in a pregnant patient with thalamic AVM. Radiat Med. 1996;14(3):159-161.
  72. Horton JC, Chambers WA, Lyons SL, et al. Pregnancy and the risk of hemorrhage from cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 1990;27(6):867-871; discussion 871-872. doi:10.1097/00006123-199012000-00002
  73. Lanzino G, Jensen ME, Cappelletto B, et al. Arteriovenous malformations that rupture during pregnancy: a management dilemma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;126(2-4):102-106. doi:10.1007/BF01476417
  74. Karlsson B, Lindquist C, Johansson A, et al. Annual risk for the first hemorrhage from untreated cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 1997;40(2):40-46. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1053413
  75. Yih PS, Cheong KF. Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with an intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1999;27(1):66-68. doi:10.1177/0310057X9902700114
  76. Trivedi RA, Kirkpatrick PJ. Arteriovenous malformations of the cerebral circulation that rupture in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;23(5):484-489. doi:10.1080/0144361031000153684
  77. Piotin M, Mounayer C, Spelle L, et al. [Cerebral arteriovenous malformations and pregnancy: management of a dilemma]. J Neuroradiol. 2004;31(5):376-378. doi:10.1016/s0150-9861(04)97019-8
  78. English LA, Mulvey DC. Ruptured arteriovenous malformation and subarachnoid hemorrhage during emergent cesarean delivery: a case report. AANA J. 2004;72(6):423-426.
  79. Liu X ju, Wang S, Zhao Y li, et al. Risk of cerebral arteriovenous malformation rupture during pregnancy and puerperium. Neurology. 2014;82(20):1798-1803. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000436
  80. Porras JL, Yang W, Philadelphia E, et al. Hemorrhage risk of brain arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy and puerperium in a North American cohort. Stroke. 2017;48(6):1507-1513. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016828
  81. Lee S, Kim Y, Navi BB, et al. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage associated with pregnancy in women with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurointerv Surg. 2021;13(8):707-710. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016838
  82. Terao M, Kubota M, Tamakawa S, et al. [Anesthesia for cesarean section in a patient with intracranial A-V malformation]. Masui. 1995;44(12):1700-1702.
  83. Leblanc R, Levesque M, Comair Y, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 1987;21(1):15-20. doi:10.1227/00006123-198707000-00004
  84. Smith HJ, Strother CM, Kikuchi Y, et al. MR imaging in the management of supratentorial intracranial AVMs. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150(5):1143-1153. doi:10.2214/ajr.150.5.1143
  85. Chappell PM, Steinberg GK, Marks MP. Clinically documented hemorrhage in cerebral arteriovenous malformations: MR characteristics. Radiology. 1992;183(3):719-724. doi:10.1148/radiology.183.3.1584926
  86. Cronqvist M, Ramgren B, Geijer B, et al. Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI in therapeutic neurointerventional procedures. Neuroradiology. 2001;43(8):662-671. doi:10.1007/s002340100543
  87. Al-Saleh S, Mei-Zahav M, Faughnan ME, et al. Screening for pulmonary and cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(4):875-881. doi:10.1183/09031936.00030009
  88. Fulbright RK, Chaloupka JC, Putman CM, et al. MR of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: prevalence and spectrum of cerebrovascular malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(3):477-484.
  89. Pott M, Huber M, Assheuer J, et al. Comparison of MRI, CT and angiography in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Bildgebung. 1992;59(2):98-102.
  90. Burger IM, Murphy KJ, Jordan LC, et al. Safety of cerebral digital subtraction angiography in children: complication rate analysis in 241 consecutive diagnostic angiograms. Stroke. 2006;37(10):2535-2539. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000239697.56147.77
  91. Newton TH, Cronqvist S. Involvement of dural arteries in intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Radiology. 1969;93(5):1071-1078. doi:10.1148/93.5.1071
  92. Flores BC, Klinger DR, Rickert KL, et al. Management of intracranial aneurysms associated with arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;37(3):E11. doi:10.3171/2014.6.FOCUS14165
  93. Whigham KB, O’Toole K. Understanding the neuropsychologic outcome of pediatric AVM within a neurodevelopmental framework. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2007;20(4):244-257. doi:10.1097/WNN.0b013e31815e6224
  94. Kato Y, Dong VH, Chaddad F, et al. Expert consensus on the management of brain arteriovenous malformations. Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14(4):1074-1081. doi:10.4103/ajns.AJNS_234_19
  95. Fisher WS. Therapy of AVMs: a decision analysis. Clin Neurosurg. 1995;42:294-312.
  96. Hoh BL, Chapman PH, Loeffler JS, et al. Results of multimodality treatment for 141 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations and seizures: factors associated with seizure incidence and seizure outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(2):303-309; discussion 309-311.
  97. Lawton MT, Kim H, McCulloch CE, et al. A supplementary grading scale for selecting patients with brain arteriovenous malformations for surgery. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(4):702-713. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000367555.16733.E1
  98. Kim H, Abla AA, Nelson J, et al. Validation of the supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading system for brain arteriovenous malformations in a multicenter cohort of 1009 surgical patients. Neurosurgery. 2015;76(1):25-33. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000556
  99. Lehecka M, Laakso A, Hernesniemi J, et al. Helsinki Microneurosurgery Basics and Tricks. M. Lehecka, A. Laakso and J. Hernesniemi Helsinki; 2011.
  100. Day AL, Friedman WA, Sypert GW, et al. Successful treatment of the normal perfusion pressure breakthrough syndrome. Neurosurgery. 1982;11(5):625-630. doi:10.1227/00006123-198211000-00007
  101. El-Ghanem M, Kass-Hout T, Kass-Hout O, et al. Arteriovenous malformations in the pediatric population: review of the existing literature. Interv Neurol. 2016;5(3-4):218-225. doi:10.1159/000447605
  102. Gawish A, Röllich B, Ochel HJ, et al. Linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery for brain arteriovenous malformations. Radiat Oncol. 2022;17(1):161. doi:10.1186/s13014-022-02130-2
  103. Pollock BE, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD, et al. Factors associated with successful arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 1998;42(6):1239-1244; discussion 1244-1247. doi:10.1097/00006123-199806000-00020
  104. Berenstein A, Ortiz R, Niimi Y, et al. Endovascular management of arteriovenous malformations and other intracranial arteriovenous shunts in neonates, infants, and children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26(10):1345-1358. doi:10.1007/s00381-010-1206-y
  105. Zheng T, Wang QJ, Liu YQ, et al. Clinical features and endovascular treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 2014;30(4):647-653. doi:10.1007/s00381-013-2277-3
  106. Soltanolkotabi M, Schoeneman SE, Alden TD, et al. Onyx embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients: Clinical article. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 2013;11(4):431-437. doi:10.3171/2013.1.PEDS12286
  107. Andrade-Souza YM, Zadeh G, Scora D, et al. Radiosurgery for basal ganglia, internal capsule, and thalamus arteriovenous malformation: clinical outcome. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(1):56-63; discussion 63-64. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000145797.35968.ed
  108. Pollock BE, Gorman DA, Brown PD. Radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations of the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(2):210-214. doi:10.3171/jns.2004.100.2.0210
  109. DeNunzio NJ, Yock TI. Modern Radiotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(6):1533. doi:10.3390/cancers12061533
  110. Kiriş T, Sencer A, Sahinbaş M, et al. Surgical results in pediatric Spetzler-Martin grades I-III intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(1):69-74; discussion 75-76. doi:10.1007/s00381-004-1025-0
  111. Nair AP, Kumar R, Mehrotra A, et al. Clinical, radiological profile and outcome in pediatric Spetzler–Martin grades I–III arteriovenous malformations. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(4):593-598. doi:10.1007/s00381-011-1668-6
  112. Deng Z, Chen Y, Ma L, et al. Long-term outcomes and prognostic predictors of 111 pediatric hemorrhagic cerebral arteriovenous malformations after microsurgical resection: a single-center experience. Neurosurg Rev. 2021;44(2):915-923. doi:10.1007/s10143-019-01210-4
  113. Chen CJ, Lee CC, Kano H, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for pediatric brain arteriovenous malformations: long-term outcomes. J Neurosurg Pediatr. Published online February 7, 2020:1-9. doi:10.3171/2019.12.PEDS19595
  114. Börcek AÖ, Çeltikçi E, Aksoğan Y, et al. Clinical outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2019;85(4):E629. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyz146
  115. Chen CJ, Ding D, Kano H, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for pediatric versus adult brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke. 2018;49(8):1939-1945. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.022052
  116. Patibandla MR, Ding D, Xu Z, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for pediatric high-grade brain arteriovenous malformations: our experience and review of literature. World Neurosurgery. 2017;102:613-622. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.03.064
  117. Winkler EA, Lu A, Morshed RA, et al. Bringing high-grade arteriovenous malformations under control: clinical outcomes following multimodality treatment in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2020;26(1):82-91. doi:10.3171/2020.1.PEDS19487
  118. Humphreys RP, Hoffman HJ, Drake JM, et al. Choices in the 1990s for the management of pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1996;25(6):277-285. doi:10.1159/000121140
  119. Ter Brugge K, Lasjaunias P, Chiu M, et al. Pediatric surgical neuroangiography. A multicentre approach. Acta Radiol Suppl. 1986;369:692-693.
  120. Ellis MJ, Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, et al. Intraoperative angiography during microsurgical removal of arteriovenous malformations in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;6(5):435-443. doi:10.3171/2010.8.PEDS10134
  121. Raper DMS, Winkler EA, Rutledge WC, et al. An update on medications for brain arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(5):871. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyaa192
  122. Yang W, Liu A, Hung AL, et al. Lower risk of intracranial arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Neurosurgery. 2016;78(5):684-93. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001103
  123. Gross BA, Du R. Hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy. Neurosurgery. 2012 Aug;71(2):349-55; discussion 355-6. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e318256c34b
  124. Rangwala SD, Albanese JS, Slingerland AL, et al. External validation of the R2eD AVM scoring system to assess rupture risk in pediatric AVM patients. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023 Feb 24;31(5):469-475. doi: 10.3171/2023.1.PEDS22310
  125. Bardella IJ. Pediatric advanced life support: a review of the AHA recommendations. American Heart Association. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Oct 15;60(6):1743-50. Erratum in: Am Fam Physician 2000 May 1;61(9):2614
  126. Feghali J, Yang W, Xu R, et al. R2eD AVM Score. Stroke. 2019;50(7):1703-1710. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025054
  127. Kubalek R, Moghtaderi A, Klisch J, et al. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations: influence of angioarchitecture on bleeding risk. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145(12):1045-1052. doi:10.1007/s00701-003-0143-x
  128. Musmar B, Adeeb N, Abdalrazeq H, et al. Outcomes of arteriovenous malformation patients with multiple versus single feeders: A multicenter retrospective study with propensity-score matching. Eur Stroke J. Published online February 15, 2025. doi:10.1177/23969873251319924
  129. Halim AX, Johnston SC, Singh V, et al. Longitudinal risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with arteriovenous malformation of the brain within a defined population. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1697-1702. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000130988.44824.29
  130. Miron I, Pruna VM, Visarion DM, et al. Surgical outcomes and risk factors for overall mortality in brain arteriovenous malformations patients: a retrospective analysis. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1428718. Published 2024 Aug 22. doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1428718